El principio de independencia judicial es uno de los pilares fundamentales del Estado constitucional de derecho. En Ecuador, la Corte Constitucional se erige como el máximo órgano de control, interpretación y garantía de la supremacía constitucional. No obstante, recientes acontecimientos en particular, la movilización liderada por el presidente de la República, Daniel Noboa, el 12 de agosto de 2025 han encendido las alarmas sobre la posible instrumentalización política contra la función judicial, evidenciando una creciente tensión entre los poderes del Estado y un debilitamiento del equilibrio institucional.
La marcha encabezada por el Ejecutivo tuvo como eje principal la protesta contra decisiones de la Corte Constitucional que suspendieron la aplicación de artículos de leyes de seguridad pública promovidas por el Gobierno. Entre estas disposiciones constaban medidas como la inmunidad para fuerzas del orden, el acceso obligatorio a datos de compañías telefónicas y cambios en la regulación bancaria.
Durante la movilización se exhibieron pancartas con fotografías y nombres de los nueve jueces constitucionales, acompañadas del mensaje: “Estos son los jueces que están robando nuestra paz”. Esta acción no solo traspasó el umbral de la legítima crítica política, sino que puede configurarse como una forma de presión pública con implicaciones jurídicas e institucionales rigurosas.
Aunque la noción de “persecución” suele asociarse al ámbito penal, en argumentos democráticos también puede entenderse como una forma de coacción institucional. En este caso, se evidencian al menos tres elementos que configuran una situación de hostigamiento institucional:
La exhibición de datos personales, rostros y nombres de los jueces, acompañados de mensajes hostiles, vulnera su derecho a la integridad personal, conforme lo establece el artículo 66 numeral 3 de la Constitución. Además, se genera un clima de intimidación que afecta la imparcialidad judicial y coloca a los magistrados en una situación de vulnerabilidad frente a la opinión pública, instrumentalizada desde el poder.
La acción del presidente, al encabezar una protesta directamente dirigida contra una función del Estado, erosiona la independencia judicial prevista en el artículo 168 de la Constitución y atenta contra la división de poderes. El rol del Ejecutivo no puede consistir en deslegitimar abiertamente a la judicatura, más aún cuando las decisiones adoptadas por la Corte se hallan dentro del marco de su competencia constitucional.
Diversos organismos internacionales, entre ellos la Oficina de la Alta Comisionada de Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, han expresado su preocupación por posibles actos de presión o injerencia sobre órganos judiciales. La exposición pública de jueces por parte del Ejecutivo puede ser interpretada como una forma de amenaza institucional, contraria a los estándares interamericanos de independencia judicial.
Desde la perspectiva del presidente Noboa, la movilización respondería a una legítima expresión de desacuerdo ciudadano frente a la supuesta obstrucción judicial a las reformas de seguridad. Bajo esta lógica, el Ejecutivo se presenta como defensor de la paz social frente a un órgano judicial que “según su discurso” bloquea herramientas importantes para combatir el crimen organizado.
Sin embargo, la defensa de la seguridad pública no puede realizarse a costa de la institucionalidad democrática. La independencia judicial no es una concesión del poder político, sino un principio estructural de todo régimen democrático. La instrumentalización de la protesta, dirigida desde el poder, desdibuja los límites entre la participación política legítima y la presión institucional ilegítima.
Es importante destacar que, el fortalecimiento del Estado de derecho exige respetar los límites institucionales, preservar la autonomía de los jueces y garantizar que las decisiones jurisdiccionales se tomen sin interferencias políticas. Lo contrario abriría la puerta a un retroceso democrático de graves proporciones. La independencia judicial no solo protege a los jueces; protege los derechos de toda la ciudadanía, frente a una posible tiranía que podía devenir del poder ejecutivo.
Mgtr. Luis A. Villavicencio Quezada
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